REVERIE Claude Debussy ELSIE-JEAN Hugo Frey CHILDREN'S HOUR Easy SHEET MUSIC !!!

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"The Children's Hour - A Series of Easy Piano Pieces with Words and Big Notes.";

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Preprinted Front Cover Price is "$ .30";

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Reverie; "Woodlands" Words by Elsei-Jean; Music by Claude Debussy; Arranged by Hugo Frey;

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NOTE: GENERIC PHOTO - REPRESENTATIVE, BUT NOT the actual item in this lot;

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HISTORICAL NOTE: "Hugo Frey: Birth: 26 Aug. 1873, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Death: 13 Feb. 1952, New York City, New York, USA. Composer, songwriter, conductor, arranger, violist & pianist, educated at the Chicago Conservatory & a student of Luigi van Kunits. He was a violist with the Listemann Sring Quartet between 1896 & 1898, & then a pianist for the Red Path Grand Concert Company in 1898-1899. He conducted & arranged for dance orchestras & for musical stage productions, & wrote the stage score for the Chicago production of "The Elopers". He conducted & arranged for Victor Phonograph Company recording sessions between 1916 & 1924, & from 1921 he was on the staff of music-publishing companies in New York. Joining ASCAP as a charter member in 1914, his popular-song compositions include "Havanola", "Rockin' the Boat", "Yodel Dodel Doh", "Sarah from Sahara", "When You Come Back", "American's Creed", & "On the Home Front".;

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HISTORICAL NOTE: "Claude-Achille Debussy (22 Aug. 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions. Debussy is among the most important of all French composers, & a central figure in European music of the turn of the 20th century. He was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour in 1903. His music is noted for its sensory component & for not often forming around one key or pitch. Often Debussy's work reflected the activities or turbulence in his own life. His music virtually defines the transition from late-Romantic music to 20th century modernist music. In French literary circles, the style of this period was known as symbolism, a movement that directly inspired Debussy both as a composer & as an active cultural participant. Claude Debussy was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, 22 Aug. 1862, the eldest of five children. His father, Manuel-Achille Debussy, owned a shop where he sold china & crockery, & his mother, Victorine Manoury Debussy, was a seamstress. The family moved to Paris in 1867, but in 1870 Debussy's pregnant mother sought refuge from the Franco-Prussian war with a paternal aunt of Claude's in Cannes. Debussy began piano lessons there at the age of seven years with an elderly Italian violinist named Cerutti; his lessons were paid for by his aunt. In 1871 he drew the attention of Marie Mauté de Fleurville, who claimed to have been a pupil of Frédéric Chopin. Debussy always believed her, although there is no independent evidence of her claim. His talents soon became evident, & in 1872, at age ten, Debussy entered the Paris Conservatoire, where he spent eleven years. During his time there he studied composition with Ernest Guiraud, music history/theory with Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray, harmony with Émile Durand, piano with Antoine François Marmontel, organ with César Franck, & solfège with Albert Lavignac, as well as other significant figures of the era. He also became a lifelong friend of fellow student & noted pianist Isidor Philipp. After Debussy's death, many pianists sought out Philipp for advice on playing his pieces. From the start, though clearly talented, Debussy was argumentative & experimental. He challenged the rigid teaching of the Academy, favoring instead dissonances & intervals that were frowned upon. Like Georges Bizet, he was a brilliant pianist & an outstanding sight reader, who could have had a professional career as such had he so wished. The pieces he played in public at this time included sonata movements by Beethoven, Schumann & Weber; & Chopin – the Ballade No. 2, a movement from the Piano Concerto No. 1, & the Allegro de concert, a relatively little-known piece but one requiring an advanced technique (it was originally intended to be the opening movement of a 3rd piano concerto). During the summers of 1880, 1881, & 1882 Debussy accompanied the wealthy patroness of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Nadezhda von Meck, as she traveled with her family in Europe & Russia. The young composer's many musical activities during these vacations included playing four-hand pieces with von Meck at the piano, giving her children music lessons, & performing in private concerts with some of her musician friends. Despite von Meck's closeness with Tchaikovsky, the Russian master appears to have had little or no effect on Debussy. In Sept. 1880 she sent Debussy's Danse bohémienne for Tchaikovsky's perusal. A month later Tchaikovsky wrote back to her, "It is a very pretty piece, but it is much too short. Not a single idea is expressed fully, the form is terribly shriveled, & it lacks unity". Debussy did not publish the piece; the manuscript remained in the von Meck family, & it was sold to B. Schott's Sohne in Mainz, & published by them in 1932. A greater influence was Debussy's close friendship with Madame Vasnier, a singer he met when he began working as an accompanist to earn some money. She & her husband gave Debussy emotional & professional support. Monsieur Vasnier introduced him to the writings of influential French writers of the time, which gave rise to his 1st songs, settings of poems by Paul Verlaine, the son-in-law of his former teacher, Mme. Mauté de Fleurville. As the winner of the 1884 Prix de Rome with his composition L'enfant prodigue, Debussy received a scholarship to the Académie des Beaux-Arts, which included a four-year residence at the Villa Medici, the French Academy in Rome, to further his studies (1885–1887). According to letters to Madame Vasnier, perhaps in part designed to gain her sympathy, he found the artistic atmosphere stifling, the company boorish, the food bad, & the monastic quarters "abominable". Neither did he delight in the pleasures of the "Eternal City", finding the Italian opera of Donizetti & Verdi not to his taste. Debussy was often depressed & unable to compose, but he was inspired by Franz Liszt, whose command of the keyboard he found admirable. In June 1885, Debussy wrote of his desire to follow his own way, saying, "I am sure the Institute would not approve, for, naturally it regards the path which it ordains as the only right one. But there is no help for it! I am too enamoured of my freedom, too fond of my own ideas." Debussy finally composed four pieces that were sent to the Academy: the symphonic ode Zuleima, based on a text by Heinrich Heine; the orchestral piece Printemps; the cantata La damoiselle élue (1887–1888), which was criticized by the Academy as "bizarre"; & the Fantaisie for piano and orchestra. The 3rd piece was the 1st in which stylistic features of Debussy's later style emerged. The 4th piece was heavily based on César Franck's music & Debussy withdrew it. The Academy chided him for "courting the unusual" & hoped for something better from the gifted student. Even though Debussy's works showed the influence of Jules Massenet, Massenet concluded, "He is an enigma." Debussy's private life was often turbulent. At the age of 18 he began an eight-year affair with Blanche Vasnier, wife of a Parisian lawyer. The relationship eventually faltered following his winning of the Prix de Rome & obligatory residence in Rome. On his permanent return to Paris & his parents' home on the avenue de Berlin in 1889, he began a tempestuous nine-year relationship with Gabrielle ('Gaby') Dupont, a tailor's daughter from Lisieux, with whom he later cohabited on the Rue Gustave Doré. During this time he also had an affair with the singer Thérèse Roger, to whom he was briefly engaged. He left Dupont for her friend Rosalie ('Lilly') Texier, a fashion model whom he married in 1899. However, although Texier was affectionate, practical, straightforward, & well liked by Debussy's friends & associates, he became increasingly irritated by her intellectual limitations & lack of musical sensitivity. In 1904, Debussy was introduced to Emma, wife of Parisian banker Sigismond Bardac, by her son Raoul, one of his students. In contrast to Texier, Bardac was a sophisticate, a brilliant conversationalist, & an accomplished singer. After despatching Lilly back to see her father in Bichain on 15 July 1904, Debussy secretly took Bardac to Jersey for a holiday. On their return to France, Debussy wrote to Texier from Dieppe on 11 Aug., informing her their marriage was over, but still making no mention of Bardac. On 14 Oct., five days before their 5th wedding anniversary, Texier attempted suicide, shooting herself in the chest while standing in the Place de la Concorde; she survived, although the bullet remained lodged in her vertebrae for the rest of her life. The ensuing scandal was to alienate Debussy from many of his friends, whilst Bardac was disowned by her family. In the spring of 1905, finding the hostility towards them intolerable, Debussy & Bardac (now pregnant) fled to England, via Jersey, settling at the Grand Hotel in Eastbourne from 24 July to 30 Aug. 1905, where Debussy was to correct proofs to his symphonic suite La mer, & celebrate his divorce from Texier on 2 Aug. After a brief visit to London, the couple returned to Paris in Sept., setting up home on the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne (now Avenue Foch), where Debussy was to reside for the rest of his life. Their daughter (the composer's only child) Claude-Emma was born there on 30 Oct. More affectionately known as 'Chouchou', Claude-Emma was the dedicatee of Debussy's Children's Corner suite; she outlived her father by scarcely a year, succumbing to the diphtheria epidemic of 1919. Her parents were eventually married in 1908, their troubled union enduring until Debussy's death in 1918. Debussy died of rectal cancer in Paris on 25 March 1918. He had been diagnosed with the cancer in 1909 after experiencing haemorrhaging, & in 1916 underwent one of the 1st colostomy operations ever performed. The operation achieved only a temporary respite, & occasioned him considerable frustration (he was to liken dressing in the morning to "all the labours of Hercules in one"). His death occurred in the midst of the aerial & artillery bombardment of Paris during the German Spring Offensive of World War I. The funeral procession made its way through deserted streets to Père Lachaise Cemetery as the German guns bombarded the city. The military situation in France was critical, & did not permit the honour of a public funeral with ceremonious graveside orations. Debussy's body was reinterred shortly afterwards in the small Passy Cemetery sequestered behind the Trocadéro; his wife & daughter are buried with him. Rudolph Reti points out these features of Debussy's music, which "established a new concept of tonality in European music":

1. Glittering passages & webs of figurations which distract from occasional absence of tonality;
2. Frequent use of parallel chords which are "in essence not harmonies at all, but rather 'chordal melodies', enriched unisons"; some writers describe these as non-functional harmonies;
3. Bitonality, or at least bitonal chords;
4. Use of the whole-tone & pentatonic scale;
5. Unprepared modulations, "without any harmonic bridge."

He concludes that Debussy's achievement was the synthesis of monophonic based "melodic tonality" with harmonies, albeit different from those of "harmonic tonality". The application of the term "impressionist" to Debussy & the music he influenced is a matter of intense debate within academic circles. One side argues that the term is a misnomer, an inappropriate label which Debussy himself opposed. In a letter of 1908, he wrote "I am trying to do 'something different'--an effect of reality...what the imbeciles call 'impressionism', a term which is as poorly used as possible, particularly by the critics, since they do not hesitate to apply it to Turner, the finest creator of mysterious effects in all the world of art." The opposing side argues that Debussy may have been reacting to unfavorable criticism at the time, & the negativity that critics associated with impressionism. It can be argued that he would have been pleased with application of the current definition of impressionism to his music. Beginning in the 1890s, Debussy developed his own musical language largely independent of Wagner's style, colored in part from the dreamy, sometimes morbid romanticism of the Symbolist Movement. Debussy became a frequent participant at Stéphane Mallarmé's Symbolist gatherings, where Wagnerism dominated the discussion. In contrast to the enormous works of Wagner & other late-romantic composers, however, around this time Debussy chose to write in smaller, more accessible forms. The Deux Arabesques is an example of one of Debussy's earliest works, already developing his musical language. Suite bergamasque (1890) recalls rococo decorousness with a modern cynicism & puzzlement. This suite contains one of Debussy's most popular pieces, Clair de Lune. Debussy's String Quartet in G minor (1893) paved the way for his later, more daring harmonic exploration. In this work he utilized the Phrygian mode as well as less standard scales, such as the whole-tone, which creates a sense of floating, ethereal harmony. Debussy was beginning to employ a single, continuous theme & break away from the traditional A-B-A form, with its restatements & amplifications, which had been a mainstay of classical music since Haydn. Influenced by Mallarmé, Debussy wrote one of his most famous works, the revolutionary Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, truly original in form & execution. In contrast to the large orchestras so favoured by late-romanticism, Debussy wrote this piece for a smaller ensemble, emphasizing instrumental colour & timbre. Despite Mallarmé himself, & colleague & friend Paul Dukas having been impressed by the piece, it was controversial at its premiere. Prélude subsequently placed Debussy into the spotlight as one of the leading composers of the era. The three Nocturnes (1899), include characteristic studies in veiled harmony & texture as demonstrated in Nuages; exuberance in Fêtes; & whole-tones in Sirènes. Contrasting sharply with Wagnerian opera, Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande premiered in 1902, after ten years of work. It would be his only complete opera. Based on the play by Maurice Maeterlinck, the opera proved to be an immediate success & immensely influential to younger French composers, including Maurice Ravel. These works brought a fluidity of rhythm & colour quite new to Western music. La mer (1903–1905) essays a more symphonic form, with a finale that works themes from the 1st movement, although the middle movement, Jeux de vagues, proceeds much less directly & with more variety of colour. Again, the reviews were sharply divided. Some critics thought the treatment to be less subtle & less mysterious than his previous works & even a step backward. Pierre Lalo complained "I neither hear, nor see, nor feel the sea". Others extolled its "power & charm", its "extraordinary verve & brilliant fantasy", & its strong colors & definite lines. During this period Debussy wrote much for the piano. The set of pieces entitled Pour le piano (1901) utilises rich harmonies & textures which would later prove important in jazz music. His 1st volume of Images pour piano (1904–1905) combine harmonic innovation with poetic suggestion: Reflets dans l'eau is a musical description of rippling water; Hommage à Rameau, the 2nd piece, is slow & yearningly nostalgic. It takes as its inspiration a melody from Jean-Philippe Rameau's Castor et Pollux. The evocative Estampes for piano (1903) give impressions of exotic locations. Debussy came into contact with Javanese gamelan music during the 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle. Pagodes is the directly inspired result, aiming for an evocation of the pentatonic structures employed by the Javanese music. Debussy wrote his famous Children's Corner Suite (1908) for his beloved daughter, Claude-Emma, whom he nicknamed Chouchou. The suite recalls classicism—the opening piece Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum refers to Muzio Clementi's collection of instructional piano compositions Gradus ad Parnassum, as well as a new wave of American ragtime music. In the popular final piece of the suite, Golliwogg's Cakewalk, Debussy also pokes fun at Richard Wagner by mimicking the opening bars of Wagner's prelude to Tristan und Isolde. The 1st book of Préludes (1910), twelve in total, proved to be his most successful work for piano. The Preludes are frequently compared to those of Chopin. Debussy's preludes are replete with rich, unusual & daring harmonies. They include the popular La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin (The Girl with the Flaxen Hair) & La Cathédrale Engloutie (The Engulfed Cathedral). Debussy wanted people to respond intuitively to these pieces & so he placed the titles at the end of each one in the hope that listeners would not make stereotype images as they listened. Larger scaled works included his orchestral piece Iberia (1907), began as a work for two pianos, a triptych medley of Spanish allusions & fleeting impressions & also the music for Gabriele d'Annunzio's mystery play Le martyre de Saint Sébastien (1911). A lush & dramatic work, written in only two months, it is remarkable in sustaining a late antique modal atmosphere that otherwise was touched only in relatively short piano pieces. During this period, as Debussy gained more popularity, he was engaged as a conductor throughout Europe, most often performing Pelléas, La Mer, & Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune. He was also an occasional music critic to supplement his conducting fees & piano lessons. Debussy avoided analytical dissection & attempts to force images from music, "Let us at all costs preserve this magic peculiar to music, since of all the arts it is most susceptible to magic." He could be caustic & witty, sometimes sloppy & ill-informed. Debussy was for the most part enthusiastic about Richard Strauss & Stravinsky, worshipful of Chopin, Bach & Mozart, & found both Liszt & Beethoven geniuses who sometimes lacked "taste". He also admired the works of Charles-Valentin Alkan. Schubert & Mendelssohn fared much worse, the latter being described as a "facile & elegant notary". Debussy's harmonies & chord progressions frequently exploit dissonances without any formal resolution. Unlike in his earlier work, he no longer hides discords in lush harmonies. The forms are far more irregular & fragmented. These chords that seemingly had no resolution were described by Debussy himself as "floating chords", & were used to set tone & mood in many of his works. The whole tone scale dominates much of Debussy's late music. His two last volumes of works for the piano, the Études (1915) interprets similar varieties of style & texture purely as pianistic exercises & includes pieces that develop irregular form to an extreme as well as others influenced by the young Igor Stravinsky (a presence too in the suite En blanc et noir for two pianos, 1915). The rarefaction of these works is a feature of the last set of songs, the Trois poèmes de Mallarmé (1913), & of the Sonata for flute, viola & harp (1915), though the sonata & its companions also recapture the inquisitive Verlainian classicism. With the sonatas of 1915–1917, there is a sudden shift in the style. These works recall Debussy's earlier music, in part, but also look forward, with leaner, simpler structures. Despite the thinner textures of the Violin Sonata (1917) there remains an undeniable richness in the chords themselves. This shift parallels the movement commonly known as neo-classicism which became popular after Debussy's death. Debussy planned a set of six sonatas, but this plan was cut short by his death in 1918 so that he only completed three (cello, flute-viola-harp & violin sonatas). The last orchestral work by Debussy, the ballet Jeux (1912) written for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, contains some of his strangest harmonies & textures in a form that moves freely over its own field of motivic connection. At 1st Jeux was overshadowed by Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring, composed in the same year as Jeux & premiered only two weeks later by the same ballet company. Decades later, composers such as Pierre Boulez & Jean Barraqué pointed out parallels to Anton Webern's serialism in this work. Other late stage works, including the ballets Khamma (1912) & La boîte à joujoux (1913) were left with the orchestration incomplete, & were later completed by Charles Koechlin & André Caplet, who also helped Debussy with the orchestration of Gigues (from Images pour orchestre) & Le martyre de St. Sébastien. The 2nd set of Préludes for piano (1913) features Debussy at his most avant-garde, where he utilizes dissonant harmonies to evoke specific moods & images. Debussy consciously gives titles to each prelude that amplify the preludes’ tonal ambiguity & dissonance. He utilizes scales such as the whole tone scale, musical modes, & the octatonic scale in his preludes that exaggerate this tonal ambiguity, making the key of each prelude almost indistinguishable at times. The 2nd book of Preludes for piano represents Debussy’s strong interest in the indefinite & esoteric. Although Pelléas was Debussy's only completed opera, he began several opera projects which remained unfinished, his fading concentration, increasing procrastination, & failing health perhaps the reasons. He had finished some partial musical sketches & some unpublished libretti for operas based on Poe's The Devil in the Belfry (Le diable dans le beffroi, 1902–?1912) & The Fall of the House of Usher (La chute de la maison Usher, 1908–1917) as well as considered projects for operas based on Shakespeare's As You Like It & Joseph Bedier's La Legende de Tristan. Further plans, such as an American tour, more ballet scores, & revisions of Chopin & Bach works for re-publication, were all cut short by the outbreak of World War I & his poor health. Given that Debussy's music is apparently so concerned with mood & colour, one may be surprised to discover that, according to Howat, many of his greatest works appear to have been structured around mathematical models even while using an apparent classical structure such as sonata form. Howat suggests that some of Debussy's pieces can be divided into sections that reflect the golden ratio, frequently by using the numbers of the standard Fibonacci sequence. Sometimes these divisions seem to follow the standard divisions of the overall structure. In other pieces they appear to mark out other significant features of the music. The 55 bar-long introduction to 'Dialogue du vent et la mer' in La mer, for example, breaks down into 5 sections of 21, 8, 8, 5 & 13 bars in length. The golden mean point of bar 34 in this structure is signalled by the introduction of the trombones, with the use of the main motif from all three movements used in the central section around that point. The only evidence that Howat introduces to support his claim appears in changes Debussy made between finished manuscripts & the printed edition, with the changes invariably creating a Golden Mean proportion where previously none existed. Perhaps the starkest example of this comes with La cathédrale engloutie. Published editions lack the instruction to play bars 7–12 & 22–83 at twice the speed of the remainder, exactly as Debussy himself did on a piano-roll recording. When analysed with this alteration, the piece follows Golden Section proportions. At the same time, Howat admits that in many of Debussy's works, he has been unable to find evidence of the Golden Section (notably in the late works) & that no extant manuscripts or sketches contain any evidence of calculations related to it. Debussy had a wide range of influences. Among the Russian composers of his time, the most prominent influences on Debussy were Tchaikovsky, Balakirev, Rimsky-Korsakov, Borodin & Mussorgsky. It can be inferred that from the Russians “Debussy acquired his taste for ancient & oriental modes & for vivid colorations, & a certain disdain for academic rules.” Specifically, Mussorgsky’s opera Boris Godunov directly influenced one of Debussy’s most famous works, Pelléas et Mélisande. In addition to the Russian composers, one of Debussy’s biggest influences was Richard Wagner. According to Pierre Louys, Debussy “did not see ‘what anyone can do beyond Tristan.” After Debussy’s Wagner phase, he started to become immensely interested in non-Western music. He was drawn to unorthodox approaches to composition that non-Western music utilized. Specifically, he was drawn to a Javanese Gamelan, which was a musical ensemble from the island of Java that played an array of unique instrumentation including gongs & metallophones. He 1st heard the gamelan at the 1889 Paris Exposition. Debussy was not as interested in directly citing his non-Western influence in his music, but instead used his non-Western influence to shape his unique musical style in more of a general way. Debussy was just as influenced by other art forms as he was by music, if not more so. He took a strong interest in literature & visual art & used these mediums to help shape his unique musical style. Debussy was heavily influenced by the French symbolist movement, which was an art movement in 1885 that influenced art forms such as poetry, visual art, & theatre. He shared the movement’s interest in the esoteric and indefinite and rejection of naturalism and realism. Specifically, “the development of free verse in poetry & the disappearance of the subject or model in painting influenced Debussy to think about issues of musical form.” Debussy became personally acquainted with writers & painters of the movement & based his own works off of those of the symbolists. One of Debussy’s main influences was the famous poet Stéphane Mallarmé, who “held the idea of a ‘musicalization’ of poetry.” In other words, Mallarmé drew strong connections between music & his poetry. Debussy wrote "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune", which was directly influenced by Mallarmé’s poem “Afternoon of a Faun.” Like the symbolists in respect to their own art forms, Debussy aimed to reject common techniques & approaches to composition & attempted to evoke more of a sensorial experience for the listener with his works. Since his time at the Paris Conservatoire, Debussy believed he had much more to learn from artists than from musicians who were primarily interested in their musical careers. Contemporary painter James McNeill Whistler who lived in France for a period of time had a profound influence on Debussy. In 1894, Debussy wrote to violinist Eugène Ysaÿe describing his Nocturnes as "an experiment in the different combinations that can be obtained from one color – what a study in grey would be in painting." Although it is not known what it is meant by this statement, one can observe in his music a careful use of orchestral, textural, & harmonic 'shading'. Claude Debussy is widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. His harmonies, considered radical in his day, were influential to almost every major composer of the 20th century, especially the music of Maurice Ravel, Igor Stravinsky, Olivier Messiaen, Béla Bartók, Pierre Boulez, Henri Dutilleux, Ned Rorem, & the minimalist music of Steve Reich & Philip Glass as well as the influential Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu. He also influenced many important figures in Jazz, most notably George Gershwin, Bill Evans, George Shearing, Thelonious Monk, Duke Ellington, Antônio Carlos Jobim, Herbie Hancock & Jimmy Giuffre. Furthermore, he had a profound impact on contemporary soundtrack composers such as John Williams because Debussy's colorful & evocative style translated easily into an emotional language for use in motion picture scores. In 1999, The Art of Noise released a concept album titled The Seduction of Claude Debussy. The group blended the music of Debussy with drum & bass, opera, hip hop, jazz, & narration, & described the album as "the soundtrack to a film that wasn't made about the life of Claude Debussy". In 2000, the band released Reduction, a limited-edition album composed mainly of outtakes from this album. Leopold Stokowski, in an article, pointed out the identification of composers including Debussy with the music of Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, providing an inspiration for non-contrapuntal music. Claude Debussy's name has, posthumously, been given to a number of discoveries. These include: Debussy Heights, a heights at Ravel Peak which was discovered in 1960; Debussy, an impact crater on Mercury which was discovered in 1969; 4492 Debussy, a main belt asteroid which was discovered in 1988. Debussy participated in a handful of recordings, made in 1904, with soprano Mary Garden. He also made some piano rolls for Welte Mignon in 1913.";