NOTE: THIS IS PART OF THE Magazine Style Newspaper!. Two Full Pages With Naval Illustration and Map and Reverse of "LESLIE'S WEEKLY", (Formerly "FRANK LESLIE'S ILLUSTRATED NEWSPAPER"), New York, New York, the 8/04/1900(?) Issue. This was during the time of the Boxer Rebellion and the Eight Nation Alliance efforts to suppress that revolt. AND a related item.;
ITEM 1.) This Sheet includes pages 85, 86, 91 and 92;
Page 85 has: “Uncle Sam's Formidable Flotilla in the China Sea" - Admiral Kempff, in his Flag-ship "Newark," commands a strong squadron of twelve fighting ships, besides numerous colliers and water-boats. Drawn for 'Leslie's Weekly' by its Marine Artist, F. Cresson Schell"; Illustration includes USS Don Juan de Austria (captured in Manila Bay, former Spanish Man o' War, a prize of the Spanish-American War which had been sunk and later raised and rebuilt), USS Newark, USS Buffalo, USS Castline, USS Monocacy, USS Nashville, USS Yorktown, USS Marietta, USS Oregon, USS Brooklyn, USS Princeton, USS Monterey;
Page 86 has "THE YELLOW HORROR" Headline superimposed on a photograph followed with "The Taku Ports at the Mouth of the Pei-ho, the bombardment of which, by the Allied powers, intensified the Boxer Uprising in Peking" (now Beijing); How the Chinese are Armed; Mission Life in Peking; Major General Adna R. Chaffee, Commanding Our Troops in China, one of the Bravest, most popular and successful of Uncle Sam's Gallant Leaders - From a photograph kindly furnished "Leslie's Weekly" by Mrs. Chaffee; Hardships of the Bloody Siege of Tien-Tsin (Part, continued in Page 87, NOT PRESENT);
Page 91 has continuation of an article on (horse?) racing from previous page; Interesting to Play-goers; Our Letter from China - What shall the nation's future be! - strange superstitions and Revolting Cruelty; A Gourmet's Paradise (Claridge's); Jasper's Hints to Money-makers (The Consolidated Exchange); For Nervous Exhaustion Use Horsford's Acid Phosphate; Food for Babies - Gail Borden Eagle Brand Condensed Milk; Abbott's - the Original Angostura Bitters; Healthy Schoolma'am Found Out How to Feed Herself (Grape-Nuts Food, Postum Cereal Company);
Page 92 has "From the Pei-ho to Pekin - A Bird's-eye View of the Disturbed Area in China; Maps shows Naval Forces, Forts, Railways, Cities, Forbidden City, Legation Quarter, Rivers, etc. and even in the background has the "Great Wall" of China;
Based on contents and page numbers, AM ASSUMING that this sheet is from the Saturday August 4, 1900 issue of Leslie's; Vol. XCI, No. 2343; Published by the JUDGE Company; "The Oldest Illustrated Weekly in the United States";
It appears that issues averaged 20 pages, this issue would have its centerspread on pages 88-89 so this sheet probably represents one-quarter of a 16 page issue (pages 81-96);
This sheet was removed from the magazine/newspaper and is complete; some edge tears, and hinge is starting to separate; otherwise the illustrations are in good condition for their age and suitable for framing; will be shipped flat;
Aggregate Page Size: Approximately 11" x 16"; NOTE: the pages are a different size, not as tall, somewhat wider than the July 28, 1900 issue (confirmed date);
HISTORICAL NOTE: "Frank Leslie's Weekly, later often known in short as Leslie's Weekly was an American illustrated literary & news magazine founded in 1852 & continuing publication well into the 20th century. As implied by its name, it was published weekly, on Tuesdays. Its first editor was John Y. Foster. In 1897 its circulation was estimated at 65,000, although there were only 30 copies of the first edition printed. It was one of several magazines started by publisher & illustrator Frank Leslie & continued after his death in 1880 by his widow, the women's suffrage campaigner Miriam Florence Leslie. The name, by then a well-established trademark, remained also after 1902, when it no longer had a connection with the Leslie family. It continued until 1922. Throughout its decades of existence, the weekly provided illustrations & reports - 1st with woodcuts & Daguerreotypes, later with more advanced forms of photography - of wars from John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry & the Civil War until the Spanish-American War & the First World War. It often took a strongly patriotic stance & frequently featured cover pictures of soldiers & heroic battle stories. It also gave extensive coverage to less martial events such as the Klondike gold rush of 1897, covered by San Francisco journalist John Bonner. Among the writers publishing their stories in the weekly were H. Irving Hancock, Helen R. Martin, & Ellis Parker Butler. Some of the magazine's covers in its later period were drawn by Norman Rockwell. Surviving copies of the magazine at present fetch handsome prices as collectors' items & are considered to give a vivid picture of American life during the decades of its publication.";
HISTORICAL NOTE: "The Boxer Rebellion, more properly called the Boxer Uprising, or the Righteous Harmony Society Movement, was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian movement by the "Righteous Fists of Harmony,†or Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists in China (known as "Boxers" in English), between 1898 & 1901. In response to imperialist expansion, growth of cosmopolitan influences, & missionary evangelism, & against the backdrop of state fiscal crisis & natural disasters, local organizations began to emerge in Shandong in 1898. At first, they were relentlessly suppressed by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty of China. Later, the Qing Dynasty tried to expel western influence from China. Under the slogan "Support the Qing, destroy the foreign", Boxers across North China attacked mission compounds. They killed missionaries & Chinese Christians. In June 1900, Boxer fighters, lightly armed or unarmed, gathered in Beijing to besiege the foreign embassies. On June 21, the conservative faction of the Imperial Court induced the Empress Dowager, who ruled in the emperor’s name, to declare war on the foreign powers that had diplomatic representation in Beijing. Diplomats, foreign civilians, soldiers & some Chinese Christians retreated to the Legation Quarter where they held out for fifty-five days until the Eight-Nation Alliance brought 20,000 troops to their rescue. The Boxer Protocol of September 7, 1901 ended the uprising & provided for severe punishments, including an indemnity of 67 million pounds. The Qing Dynasty was greatly weakened, & was eventually overthrown by the 1911 revolution, which led to the establishment of the Chinese Republic. The Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists, known by foreigners as the Boxers, was a secret society founded in Shandong, located in the North province of China. Westerners came to call well-trained, athletic young men "Boxers" due to the martial arts & calisthenics they practiced. Despite the obvious differences between Wushu & Western pugilistic boxing, the training for unarmed combat took on the same name to the Europeans. The Boxers believed that they could, through training, diet, martial arts, & prayer, perform extraordinary feats, such as flight & could become immune to swords & bullets. Further, they popularly claimed that millions of "spirit soldiers," would descend from the heavens & assist them in purifying China from foreign influences. Boxers recruited local farmers & other workers made desperate by disastrous floods & focused blame on both Christian missionaries & Chinese Christians. Some Chinese Christians were recent converts & some had been born into the faith, but missionaries secured special protection for them using the shelter of Extraterritoriality. Aggression toward missionaries & Christians gained the attention of foreign (mainly European) governments. After the Hundred Days Reform failed, the conservative Empress Dowager Cixi seized power & put the reformist Guangxu Emperor into house arrest. Western countries paid sympathy to the emperor [?], & opposed her plan to substitute the Guangxu emperor [?]. Empress Dowager Cixi decided to use Boxers to expel Western influences out of China; meanwhile, the Boxers would be weakened by Western forces. Then the Boxer slogan became “support the Qing, destroy the Foreign." One of the 1st signs of unrest appeared in a small village in Shandong province, where there had been a long dispute over the property rights of a temple between locals & the Roman Catholic authorities. The Catholics claimed that the temple was originally a church abandoned after the Kangxi Emperor banned Christianity in China 200 years ago. The local court ruled in favor of the church, & angered villagers who claimed the temple for rituals. After the local authorities turned over the temple to the Catholics, the villagers (led by the Boxers) attacked the church building. The exemption of missionaries from many laws further alienated local Chinese. In 1899, with the help of the French Minister in Peking, the missionaries obtained an edict granting official rank to each order in the Roman Catholic hierarchy. Local priests, by means of this official status, were able to support their people in legal disputes or family feuds & go over the heads of local officials. After the German government took over territory in Shandong, many Chinese feared that the missionaries, & by extension all Christians, were part of an imperialist attempt to "carve the melon," that is, to divide China & make it into colonies. The early years of the movement's growth coincided with the Hundred Days Reform (11 June–21 September 1898). They persuaded the Guangxu Emperor to institute reforms which alienated many officials by their sweeping nature & led the Empress Dowager to step in & reverse the reforms. Making matters worse, massive floods in some areas & drought in others created poverty & refugees. Now with a majority of conservatives in the Imperial Court, the Empress Dowager changed her long policy of suppressing Boxers, issuing edicts in defense of the Boxers, which drew heated complaints from foreign diplomats in January 1900. In June 1900, the Boxers, now joined by elements of the Imperial army, attacked foreign compounds in the cities of Tianjin & Beijing. The legations of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Russia & Japan were all located on the Beijing Legation Quarter close to the Forbidden City in Beijing. The legations were hurriedly linked into a fortified compound that became a refuge for foreign citizens in Beijing. The Spanish & Belgian legations were a few streets away, & their staff were able to arrive safely at the compound. The German legation on the other side of the city was stormed before the staff could escape. When the Envoy for the German Empire, Klemens Freiherr von Ketteler, was murdered on June 20, by a Manchurian(?) man, the foreign powers demanded redress. On June 21, Empress Dowager Cixi declared war against all Western powers, but regional governors, including Li Hongzhang & Zhang Zhidong, quietly refused to cooperate. Shanghai's Chinese elite supported the provincial governors of southeastern China in resisting the Imperial declaration of war. Later many peasants took up their arms & joined the Boxer's cause, but were also defeated. The Taiyuan Massacre was the mass killing of foreign Christian missionaries & of local church members, including children, from July 1900, & was one of the more bloody & infamous parts of the Boxer Rebellion. 48 Catholic missionaries & 18,000 Chinese Catholics were murdered. 222 Chinese Eastern Orthodox Christians were also murdered, along with 182 Protestant missionaries & 500 Chinese Protestants known as the China Martyrs of 1900. The Missionary Herald normally published letters & telegrams sent by priests & their families in Manchu Qing dynasty, in Shanxi province, Taiyuan city. In December 1900, after incrementally more ominous monthly reports, the Missionary Herald broke five-month-old news to its readers: "the entire mission staff in the Province of Shanxi has perished". At the end of June 1900, priests & their families had been lured out of hiding & cast into prison, then executed by the Manchu officials. The Taiyuan missionaries fled into a co-worker's house because Boxers were burning churches & houses, killing Christians & foreigners. Three days later, the Governor sent four deputies with soldiers, "promising to escort them in safety to the coast". Brought instead to a house near the Governor’s residence, they were then "taken to the open space in front of the Governor’s residence, & stripped to the waist, as usual with those beheaded". In 2005, British Professor Henry Hart released a book, Lost in the Gobi Desert, to commemorate his great-grandfather's efforts to save the life of western missionaries & their Chinese followers from the hands of the Boxer rebels. “Boxers blamed “foreign devils†like my great-grandparents for causing northern China's drought and famine, exacerbating economic hardships by building railroads and telegraph lines (because such modern conveniences eliminated jobs), undermining the native textile industry with European imports, infecting and killing Chinese children with Christian prayers and for various other real and imagined infamies.†“The murderous Boxer Rebellion came as a sudden thunderstorm; all foreigners were to be killed not in the sudden merciful death of a bullet but sliced to death by big, old rusty knives and swords.... I had an old Winchester rifle and plenty of ammunition ready for the journey....The Boxer uprising ultimately claimed the lives of more than 32,000 Chinese Christians and several hundred foreign missionaries (historian Nat Brandt called it “the greatest single tragedy in the history of Christian evangelicalismâ€â€ The compound in Beijing remained under siege from Boxer forces from 20 June to 14 August. Under the command of the British minister to China, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the legation staff & security personnel defended the compound with one old muzzle-loaded cannon; it was nicknamed the "International Gun" because the barrel was British, the carriage was Italian, the shells were Russian, & the crew was American. During the defence of the Legations, a small Japanese force of 1 officer & 24 sailors commanded by Colonel Shiba, distinguished itself in several ways. Of particular note was that it had the almost unique distinction of suffering greater than 100% casualties. This was possible because a great many of the Japanese troops were wounded, entered into the casualty lists, then returned to the line of battle only to be wounded once more & again entered in the casualty lists. Foreign media described the fighting going on in Beijing, as well as the alleged torture & murder of captured foreigners. While it is true that thousands of Chinese Christians were massacred in north China, many horrible stories that appeared in world newspapers were based on the actual murder of men, women, & children within the foreign legation. Nonetheless a wave of anti-Chinese sentiment arose in Europe, the United States & Japan. The poorly-armed Boxer rebels were unable to break into the compound, which was relieved by an international army of the Eight-Nation Alliance in August. On 23 June 1900, the Boxer rebels started setting fire to an area south of the British Legation, using it as a "frightening tactic" to attack the defenders. And Hanlin Yuan, a complex of courtyards & buildings that housed "the quintessence of Chinese scholarship ... the oldest & richest library in the world" (Yongle Dadian) was just nearby. Sir Claude MacDonald, the commander-in-chief, had become worried that the Boxer rebels might try to burn the Hanlin Yuan, the "buildings at some point being only an arm's length from the British building walls." On 24 June 1900, when the winds shifted, the unanticipated happened: Hanlin Yuan's group of building had caught fire, & the fire was beginning to spread further. Eyewitness' accounts: "The old buildings burned like tinder with a roar which drowned the steady rattle of musketry as Tung Fu-shiang's Moslems fired wildly through the smoke from upper windows." "Some of the incendiaries were shot down, but the buildings were an inferno and the old trees standing round them blazed like torches." "An attempt was made to save the famous Yung Lo Ta Tien [now spelled Yongle Dadian], but heaps of volumes had been destroyed, so the attempt was given up." -eyewitness, Lancelot Giles, son of Herbert A. Giles. The Manchu authority blamed the British for setting the fire as a defensive measure, whereas the British pointed to the direction of the wind, & claimed that it was either the Boxer rebels or the ordinary Manchu soldiers who "set fire to the Hanlin, working systematically from one courtyard to the next." Rescued from among the burning buildings were portions of the Yongle Encyclopedia, and other works. Foreign navies started building up their presence along the northern China coast from the end of April 1900. On 31 May, before the sieges had started & upon the request of foreign embassies in Beijing, an International force of 435 navy troops from eight countries were dispatched by train from Takou to the capital (75 French, 75 Russian, 75 British, 60 U.S., 50 German, 40 Italian, 30 Japanese, 30 Austrian); these troops joined the legations & were able to contribute to their defense. The rebellion was ultimately quashed by the Eight-Nation Alliance of Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom & the United States. As the situation worsened, a 2nd International force of 2,000 marines under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, the largest contingent being British, was dispatched from Takou to Beijing on 10 June. The troops were transported by train from Takou to Tianjin with the agreement of the Chinese government, but the railway between Tianjin & Beijing had been severed. Seymour however resolved to move forward & repair the rail or such as the train, or progress on foot as necessary, keeping in mind that the distance between Tianjin & Beijing was only 120 kilometers. After Tianjin however, the convoy was surrounded, the railway behind & in front of them was destroyed, & they were attacked from all parts by Chinese irregulars & even Chinese governmental troops. News arrived on 18 June regarding attacks on foreign legations. Seymour decided to continue advancing, this time along the Pei-Ho river, towards Tong-Tcheou, 25 kilometers from Beijing. By the 19th, they had to abandon their efforts due to progressively stiffening resistance, & started to retreat southward along the river with over two hundred wounded. Commandeering four civilian Chinese junks along the river, they loaded all their wounded & remaining supplies onto them & pulled them along with ropes from the riverbanks. By this point, they were very low on food, ammunition & medical supplies. Luckily, they then happened upon The Great Hsi-Ku Arsenal, a hidden Qing munitions cache that the Western Powers had no knowledge of until then. They immediately captured & occupied it, discovering not only German Krupp-made field guns, but rifles with millions of rounds in ammunition, along with millions of pounds of rice & ample medical supplies. There they dug in & awaited rescue. A Chinese servant was able to infiltrate through the Boxer & Qing lines, informing the Western Powers of their predicament. Surrounded & attacked nearly around the clock by Qing troops & Boxers, they were at the point of being overrun. On 25 June, however, a regiment composed of 1800 men, (900 Russian troops from Port-Arthur, 500 British seamen, with an ad hoc mix of other assorted western troops) finally arrived. Spiking the mounted field guns & setting fire to any munitions that they could not take (an estimate £3 million worth), they departed the Hsi-Ku Arsenal in the early morning of 26 June, with the loss of 62 killed and 228 wounded. With a difficult military situation in Tianjin, & a total breakdown of communications between Tianjin & Beijing, the allied nations took steps to reinforce their military presence significantly. On 17 June, they took the Taku Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin, & from there brought increasing numbers of troops on shore. The international force, with British Lieutenant-General Alfred Gaselee acting as the commanding officer, called the Eight-Nation Alliance, eventually numbered 55,000, with the main contingent being composed of Japanese soldiers: Japanese (20,840), Russian (13,150), British (12,020), French (3,520), U.S.(3,420), German (900), Italian (80), Austro-Hungarian (75), & anti-Boxer Chinese troops. The international force finally captured Tianjin on 14 July under the command of the Japanese colonel Kuriya, after one day of fighting. Notable exploits during the campaign were the seizure of the Taku Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin, & the boarding and capture of four Chinese destroyers by Roger Keyes. The march from Tianjin to Beijing of about 120 km consisted of about 20,000 allied troops. On 4 August there were approximately 70,000 Imperial troops with anywhere from 50,000 to 100,000 Boxers along the way. They only encountered minor resistance & the battle was engaged in Yangcun, about 30 km outside Tianjin, where the 14th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. & British troops led the assault. However, the weather was a major obstacle, extremely humid with temperatures sometimes reaching 110 °F (43 °C). The International force reached & occupied Beijing on 14 August. The US was able to play a secondary, but significant role in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion largely due to the presence of U.S. ships & troops deployed in the Philippines since the U.S. conquest of the Spanish American & Philippine-American War. In the US military, the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion was known as the China Relief Expedition. The siege was finally ended when Indian troops of the international expeditionary force arrived under the command of German general Alfred Graf von Waldersee. The main German force arrived too late to take part in the fighting, but undertook several punitive expeditions against the Boxers. Troops from most nations engaged in plunder, looting & rape. German troops in particular were criticized for their enthusiasm in carrying out Kaiser Wilhelm II’s words. On 27 July 1900, when Wilhelm II spoke during departure ceremonies for the German contingent to the relief force in China, an impromptu, but intemperate reference to the Hun invaders of continental Europe would later be resurrected by British propaganda to mock Germany during World War I & World War II. "Just as the Huns a thousand years ago, under the leadership of Attila, gained a reputation by virtue of which they still live in historical tradition, so may the name Germany become known in such a manner in China, that no Chinese will ever again dare to look askance at a German." In order to provide restitution to missionaries & Christian families whose property had been destroyed, American troops were guided through villages by the missionary William Ament. Boxers, or at least those identified as Boxers, were punished, even executed, & their property confiscated. When Mark Twain read of this expedition, he wrote a series of scathing attacks on the "Reverend bandits of the American Board." On 7 September 1901, the Qing court was compelled to sign the "Boxer Protocol" also known as Peace Agreement between the Eight-Nation Alliance & China. The protocol ordered the execution of ten high-ranking officials linked to the outbreak, & other officials who were found guilty for the slaughter of Westerners in China. China was fined war reparations of 450,000,000 tael of fine silver (around 67.5 million pounds, or approximately US$6.7 billion today.) for the loss that it caused. The reparation would be paid within 39 years, & would be 982,238,150 taels (US$14.6 billion today) with interests (4% per year) included. To help meet the payment, it was agreed to increase the existing tariff from an actual 3.18% to 5%, & to tax hitherto duty-free merchandise. The sum of reparation was estimated by the Chinese population (roughly 450 million in 1900), to let each Chinese pay one tael. Chinese custom income & salt tax were enlisted as guarantee of the reparation. Russia got 30% of the reparation, Germany 20%, France 15.75%, Britain 11.25%, Japan 7.7% & the US share was 7%. China paid 668,661,220 taels of silver from 1901 to 1939. The British signatory of the Protocol was Sir Ernest Satow. An excess of the reparations paid to the US was diverted to pay for the education of Chinese students in U.S. universities under the Boxer Rebellion Indemnity Scholarship Program. To prepare the students chosen for this program an institute was established to teach the English language & to serve as a preparatory school for the course of study chosen. When the 1st of these students returned to China they undertook the teaching of subsequent students, from this institute was born Tsinghua University. Some of the reparation due to Britain was later earmarked for a similar program. The China or Inland Mission lost more members than any other missionary agency: 58 adults & 21 children were killed. However, in 1901, when the allied nations were demanding compensation from the Chinese government, Hudson Taylor refused to accept payment for loss of property or life in order to demonstrate the meekness of Christ to the Chinese. The western countries stopped short of finally colonizing China. From the Boxer rebellions, the westerners learned that the best way to govern China was through the Chinese dynasty, instead of direct dealing with the Chinese people (as a saying “The people are afraid of officials, the officials are afraid of foreigners, & the foreigners are afraid of the people"). Dowager Cixi used Boxers to fight westerners largely because western countries sympathized with the Guangxu Emperor, who had been house-arrested after an aborted reformation. However, eventually, as an unwritten agreement, Dowager Cixi was allowed to stay in power, since comparatively, Cixi could use her influence to suppress the Chinese anti-western sentiment better than the weak & ineffectual Guangxu Emperor. The Guangxu Emperor spent the rest of his life in house-arrest. In October 1900, Russia was busy occupying much of the northeastern province of Manchuria, a move which threatened Anglo-American hopes of maintaining what remained of China's territorial integrity & an openness to commerce under the Open Door Policy. This behavior led ultimately to the Russo-Japanese War, where Russia was defeated at the hands of an increasingly confident Japan. Among the Imperial powers, Japan gained prestige due to its military aid in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion & was now seen as a power. Its clash with Russia over Liaodong & other provinces in eastern Manchuria, long considered by the Japanese as part of their sphere of influence, led to the Russo-Japanese War when two years of negotiations broke down in February 1904. Germany earned itself the derogatory moniker "Hun" at the beginning of World War I when intrepid propagandists resurrected Wilhelm II’s 1900 speech. The Russian Lease of the Liaodong (1898) was confirmed. The effect on China was a weakening of the dynasty as well as a weakened national defense. The structure was temporarily sustained by the Europeans. Besides the compensation, Empress Dowager Cixi reluctantly started some reformations despite her previous view. The Imperial examination system for government service was eliminated; as a result, the classical system of education was replaced with a Westernized system that led to a university degree. After the death of Empress Dowager Cixi & the Guangxu Emperor (on the same day, mysteriously) in 1908, the Regent (the Guangxu Emperor's brother) launched reformation. However, these efforts seemed to be too late. The revolutionaries within Han Chinese could not wait. The imperial government's humiliating failure to defend China against the foreign powers contributed to the growth of nationalist resentment against the "foreigner" Qing dynasty (who were descendants of the Manchu conquerors of China). By the chance that the Qing Dynasty became weakened by the war, the 1911 revolution led by Sun Yat-sen, ended the last dynasty in Chinese history. To this day, the Chinese still use the Boxer movement as a history lesson for the Rise of China. Views differ as to whether the Boxers are better seen as anti-imperialist or as futile opponents of inevitable change. In the People's Republic of China, orthodox textbooks analyze the Boxer movement as an anti-imperialist patriotic peasant movement whose failure was due to the lack of leadership from the modern working class. In recent decades, however, large scale projects of village interviews & explorations of archival sources have led historians to take a more nuanced view. Some Western scholars, such as Joseph Esherick, have seen the movement as anti-imperialist, while others view this interpretation as anachronistic in that the Chinese nation had not been formed & the Boxers were more concerned with regional issues. Esherick comments that "confusion about the Boxer Uprising is not simply a matter of popular misconceptions," for "there is no major incident in China's modern history on which the range of professional interpretation is so great.". Paul Cohen's recent history includes a survey of "the Boxers as myth," showing how their memory was used in changing ways in twentieth century China from the New Culture Movement to the Cultural Revolution. In 2006 Yuan Weishi, a professor of philosophy at Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, China published an essay titled Modernisation & History Textbooks, criticizing the official theme of government issued middle schools history textbooks, claiming that they contain numbers of non-neutral historical interpretations. Yuan wrote that these "criminal actions brought unspeakable suffering to the nation & its people! These are all facts that everybody knows, and it is a national shame that the Chinese people cannot forget." For many years, history text books had been lacking in neutrality in presenting the Boxer Rebellion as a "magnificent feat of patriotism", & not presenting the view that the majority of the Boxer rebels were both violent and xenophobic. Professor Yuan stated that Manchu rulers did not comply with signed international treaties, & that it is wrong to blame "the Opium Wars of the mid-1800s entirely on foreign nations". On the other hand, such views are criticized & considered to be unfair, unneutral & logically absurd by some people & Yuan Weishi is even called Hanjian (national betrayer) by some Chinese people. The philosopher Tang Junyi viewed the Boxer Uprising as a religious war between the Chinese & Christianity. In fact, facing what they viewed as an aggressive religious invasion by Christianity, Chinese Righteous Harmony Society had the slogan "Defend Chinese Religion & Get Rid of Foreign Religion (of Christianity)." Some scholars consider it to be a war against the invasion of China by the foreign religion of Christianity.";
HISTORICAL NOTE: Frank Schell; Birth/Death 1857 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) - 1942; Lived/Active: Pennsylvania; Often Known For: illustrator-magazine; Methods: Illustration/Illustrator; Subjects: Genre-Human Activity; Associations: Philadelphia Sketch Club; Some Exhibitions: Art Institute of Chicago, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia Sketch Club; In addition he appears to have been a musician of note: "The orchestra was founded in 1900 by Fritz Scheel, who also acted as its first conductor. In 1907 Karl Pohlig took over the post and served until 1912. The orchestra had its beginnings with a small group of musicians led by F. Cresson Schell (1857-1942), pianist, who was the founding 'Father of the Philadelphia Orchestra.' "Etude Magazine", March, 1921."
HISTORICAL NOTE: "Rear Admiral Louis Kempff - Commander-in-Chief 1915 - 1915; by Dr. Robert Girard Carroon, Past Commander-in-Chief, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States; A naval officer who gained a national reputation for his conduct during the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, Louis Kempff became Commander-in-Chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion on the death of Bvt. Brigadier General Thomas Hamlin Hubbard on May 19, 1915. A native of Bellville, Illinois, Louis was the son of Friedrich & Henrietta Kempff. He was born on October 11, 1841 &, after education in local schools, successfully passed the entrance examinations entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1857. In company with a number of his classmates he was detached from the Academy & ordered to active service in May 1861 with the rank of Midshipman. Cadet Kempff was first assigned to the U.S.S. Vandalia, which was part of the Charleston blockade. He was commissioned Acting Master on October 25, 1861, & assigned to the U. S. S. Wabash & participated in the fight at Port Royal on November 7 of that year & at Port Royal Ferry, January 1, 1862. He was present at the capture of Fort Clinch, Fernandina, Florida & also at St. Mary's, Georgia & Jacksonville, Florida. Assigned to the U.S.S. Susquehanna he was at the bombardment of the Confederate batteries at Sewall's Point & the occupation of Norfolk, which resulted in the blowing up of the ironclad C.S.S. Virginia. He was then commissioned Lieutenant on August 1, 1862 & assigned to the U.S.S. Connecticut on duty with the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. The close of the War of the Rebellion found Lieutenant Kempff on duty on the Pacific Station serving on board the U.S.S. Sewanee. Louis Kempff's service during his remaining career in the Navy was spent in the Pacific theatre of operations. His first assignment, on the U.S.S. Sewanee covered the years 1864 to 1867 & it was during that period, on July 25, 1866, that he was promoted to Lt. Commander. Louis was then assigned over the next thirty years to duty in such vessels as the Portsmouth, Independence, Mohican, Saranac, & California. He also drew duty on several occasions at Mare Island Navy Yard & later on the U.S.S. Alert of the Asiatic Squadron. On March 7, 1876 he was promoted to the rank of Commander & this was followed during his service on the Naval Inspection Board, to promotion to Captain on March 19, 1891. On March 3, 1899 he made Rear Admiral & took command of the Asiatic Fleet, which he led from 1900 to 1902. The outbreak in China, generally known as the Boxer Rebellion, found Rear Admiral Kempff as the senior American Naval officer off Taku where an international fleet had assembled to protect the foreigners in northern China. When other foreign ships & forces attacked the Chinese forts at Taku, Rear Admiral Kempff refused to take part, pointing out that the policy of the US was not to engage in combat with the Imperial Chinese Troops as the US was not at war with the government of the Dowager Empress. Kempff did cooperate in later efforts to relieve the foreign legations at Peking but he was highly commended for following the instructions of his government in not attacking the Taku Forts & received the thanks of the Chinese community in San Francisco at a complimentary banquet on his return to the US. Rear Admiral Kempff closed his naval career as commandant of the Pacific Naval District, retiring on October 11, 1903. Upon his retirement Rear Admiral Louis Kempff became very active in the California Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. He joined as a Companion of the First Class of the California Commandery on May 10, 1884 with Insignia No. 3236. He served as Senior Vice Commander of the California Commandery from 1904 to 1905. On October 15, 1913, he was elected Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief of MOLLUS & on the death of Brigadier General Hubbard he became Commander-in-Chief. Louis Kempff served as Commander-in-Chief until October 20, 1915. After his retirement from the Navy Rear Admiral Kempff lived at Santa Barbara, California & he died there on July 29, 1920. In 1873 at Fair Oaks, California, he married Cornelia Reese. Their son was Captain Clarence S. Kempff, U.S.N., a hereditary Companion of the Loyal Legion with Insignia No. 12441. Lt. General Samuel B. M. Young succeeded Rear Admiral Kempff as Commander-in-Chief."
Part of the Collection of Henry J. Hauschild, Jr., who billed himself as a “Physiognomist – Bibliopolist – Cognoscente di Eccellentissimoâ€, and was the very proud owner of the world famous "Nose Gallery†at “The Oldest House†in Victoria, Texas; It is believed that earlier this item was part of the magazine and newspaper collection of Edwin Hunt Frost of Yonkers, New York;
PLUS 2.) "China's Private Party - The Communist Party has made strenuous efforts to keep signs of its enduring power out of sight to the Chinese public and the rest of the world. Richard McGregor on the secrets of the world's largest political machine and its role in Beijing's growing clout."; Article clipped from the Wall Street Journal; Saturday/Sunday, May 15-16, 2010;
Buyer Pays Shipping and handling - minimum $ 5.00 in USA; Minimum $10.00 to Canada and Mexico; Minimum $15.00 to European and Pacific Rim Countries; Other As Agreed. Thank you. Email for additional information & scans. Serving art, Asia, China, Chinese, History, magazine, newspaper, Photography, political Science, transportation and travel collectors worldwide since 1971; please visit our many other auctions and store listings; I try to list 70 items per week.
HISTORICAL NOTE: "Yorktown", U.S.N.; 1200 Ton Gunboat; 14 Knots with 6-6" guns; No Armor;
"The 2nd USS Yorktown, a steel-hulled, twin-screw gunboat in the US Navy, was named in honor of the Battle of Yorktown in the American Revolutionary War. Yorktown was laid down on 14 May 1887 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by the William Cramp & Sons' shipyard; launched on 28 April 1888; sponsored by Miss Mary Cameron, the daughter of US Senator Don Cameron; & commissioned at the League Island (Philadelphia) Navy Yard on 23 April 1889, Commander French E. Chadwick in command. Yorktown conducted final sea trials before being assigned to the "Squadron of Evolution" in the autumn of 1889. Yorktown operated with that unit as it developed tactical maneuvers for use by the new steel-hulled naval vessels then coming into service in the US Navy. After this duty, Yorktown departed the east coast of the US on 7 December 1889, bound for European waters; stopped briefly at Fayal in the Azores; & arrived at Lisbon, Portugal, two days before Christmas. The ship subsequently cruised the Mediterranean into the early spring of the following year, calling at ports in Spain, Morocco, France, Italy, Greece, & Malta. Following her return to the US on 17 June 1890, the warship entered drydock at the New York Navy Yard on 1 July for repairs that lasted until 8 August. Upon the completion of these alterations, Yorktown took part in the ceremonies marking the embarkation of the remains of the noted inventor, John Ericsson—of Monitor fame—for transportation back to his native Sweden for burial. Yorktown next again operated in the Squadron of Evolution—sometimes referred to as the "White Squadron"—off the eastern seaboard & into the Gulf of Mexico into the summer of 1891. Under Acting Rear Admiral John G. Walker, the squadron normally cruised in the Gulf of Mexico from January to April & off the east coast from May to October. While in the gulf, the ships called at Galveston, Texas, New Orleans, Louisiana, & Pensacola, Florida, & carried out target practice in Tampa Bay. Later, the squadron conducted small arms practice at Yorktown, Virginia, after arriving at Hampton Roads. In July 1891, the squadron carried out exercises & maneuvers in connection with the naval militias of New York & Massachusetts during which it added torpedo attacks upon the Fleet to the usual target practices. In addition, it conducted drills & landing exercises—the precursors of the amphibious landing operations of World War II over five decades later. The Secretary of the Navy's report for the fiscal year 1891 noted with pride that "useful experience" had been gained by the Squadron of Evolution in the training of commanding, navigating, & watch officers in skillfully & safely maneuvering vessels in formation & in restricted waters. In addition, engineers were trained in regulating & maintaining economical coal consumption. On 8 October 1891, Yorktown, under the command of Comdr. Robley D. Evans, departed New York to join the Pacific Squadron. The gunboat put in to Charlotte Amalie, Virgin Islands, to "coal ship" on 14 October. While the ship was engaged in this grimy, dusty duty, an incident occurred on the other side of the South American continent that would directly affect Yorktown's future employment. A revolution in Chile had caused deep division in the country. The victors charged the US with favoritism when it sheltered some of the losing side's leaders in the U.S. consulate at ValparaÃso. A mob of Chileans, wielding knives & clubs & throwing rocks, set upon a liberty party from the cruiser Baltimore. In the ensuing riot, two bluejackets were killed & 18 wounded. Thirty-six American sailors were arrested by the local authorities & incarcerated in Chilean jails. War fever ran high in both Chile & the US. After getting underway on 17 October, Yorktown made few stops en route to the troubled Chilean seaport & weathered fierce gales in transiting the Straits of Magellan. In the days before rapid communication had shrunk distances & had allowed quick transmission of orders & news, the passage of time was critical. War between the US & Chile could have broken out at any time during Yorktown's hurried voyage 'round the Horn. The gunboat eventually arrived at ValparaÃso on 30 November. Less than two weeks later, Baltimore— her presence now no longer advisable—departed, leaving American interests in the hands of Comdr. Evans & Yorktown. Over the ensuing weeks, Chile & the US teetered on the brink of war; but cooler heads prevailed. Locally, Evans' patience was "dangerously tested," but it held. One inflammatory incident occurred when Chilean torpedo boats bore down on Evans' ship, turning their helms hard over at the last possible instant to avoid a collision. On another occasion, a group of locals threw rocks at Evans & his gig as it lay at the foot of a jetty. After a month of "showing the flag," Yorktown embarked refugees from the American, Spanish, & Italian legations in mid-January 1892. She got underway on the 19th & arrived at Callao, Peru, on the 25th. While Yorktown lay anchored there, tension between the US & Chile relaxed & the crisis abated. Yorktown may have looked "none too potent" at ValparaÃso, but her visit-—as Evans' biographer Edwin A. Folk later wrote, ". . . sufficed to make the natives realize that she flew a battleship-size flag & was commanded by an officer who knew how to defend it." The Chilean government provided gold for the families of the slain American bluejackets, & restored the American minister, who had been declared persona non grata during the incident. Yorktown stood out of Callao on 4 March, steamed northward via San Diego & San Francisco, & eventually arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California. The gunboat subsequently underwent repairs there until late in the following month. Having weathered one diplomatic storm & international incident, Comdr. Evans & his command soon set sail on another mission that, if handled wrongly, could have caused ill-feeling with the British. That spring, Yorktown—along with two other naval vessels & a trio of revenue cutters—headed toward Arctic waters on 27 April to protect the great herds of seals in the Bering Sea from poachers. Traveling along the west coast of the United States, the gunboat & her crew "braced," in Evans' words, "at the prospect of doing something." As at ValparaÃso, Evans faced the possibility of becoming involved in an international incident arising from possible confrontations with Canadian sealers. Operating under the protection of the British crown, the latter had taken particularly heavy catches. Many American vessels put to sea under the British flag in an attempt to evade prosecution by their own government. The British agreed to help put an end to the slaughter of seals & decided upon joint action with the US in prosecuting the poachers. About 110 schooners, large & small, made up the sealing fleet. They were "armed" with double-barrelled shotguns for killing the animals & Winchester rifles for dealing with any humans who attempted to interfere with their trade. The fact that the great majority of seals killed had been female —still with young in many cases—almost doubled the toll of slain seals. As Evans noted: "the slaughter in the North Pacific was fearful." Arriving at Port Townsend, Washington, on 30 April, Yorktown put to sea on 13 May, arriving at Iliuliuk, Unalaska, one week later. Coaling there, the gunboat skirted the ice floes near the seal rookeries of the Pribilof Islands, reconnoitering the vicinity for sealers. Assisted by a revenue cutter, Yorktown guarded the passes to the Bering Sea. The crews of the patrolling American ships lacked fresh provisions but carried on in spite of the hardships imposed by both diet & climate. Fresh fish, however, proved abundant. Codfish was the staple with an occasional gourmet treat of salmon. Besides the patrols made during this deployment in northwestern waters, Yorktown conducted routine operations such as target practices. Among the officers assigned to the ship at that time was Lt. Bradley Fiske, a young officer who had invented & constructed a practical telescopic gunsight. Fiske's sight had been tested in Baltimore & had favorably impressed that ship's officers—including her commander, Captain Winfeld S. Schley. Evans, however, had not taken a liking to Fiske's newfangled gadget but nevertheless consented to allow a 2nd test on board Yorktown (the 1st one had failed miserably). On the afternoon of 22 September 1892, during scheduled target practice, Fiske's invention worked as designed & elicited praise from Evans. As Fiske himself later wrote in the US Naval Institute's magazine Proceedings, modern naval gunnery had its birth not in the British Navy but in the American— off Unalaska on 22 September 1892, in Yorktown. She continued her task of patrolling until 21 September when she departed Unalaska for the Mare Island Navy Yard. From 11 to 24 October, the ship underwent repairs there before proceeding on to the east coast via Cape Horn. Yorktown eventually arrived at Norfolk, Va., on 24 February 1893. After repairs at the New York Navy Yard from 25 April to 26 July, Yorktown retraced her route south & sailed again around Cape Horn into the Pacific. She then moved north to resume patrolling the Bering Sea. She protected seal rookeries into 1894 before returning to Mare Island for repairs which lasted into mid-September. On 24 September 1894, Yorktown sailed for the western Pacific & duty on the Asiatic Station. Sailing via Honolulu, Hawaii, she reached Yokohama, Japan, on 8 December 1894 & spent the next three years touching at the principal ports-of-call along the coasts of China and Japan. She departed Yokohama early in the autumn of 1897 & made port at Mare Island on 18 November 1897. Subsequently laid up at Mare Island & decommissioned on 8 December, the gunboat remained inactive there through the Spanish-American War in 1898. Recommissioned on 17 November 1898, Commander Charles S. Sperry in command, Yorktown sailed again for the Far East on 7 January 1899. Rumors of German machinations in Samoa lengthened Yorktown's stay at Hawaii from a few days to a few weeks; but, when the anticipated trouble failed to materialize, Yorktown resumed her voyage to the Philippine Islands. She arrived at Cavite Navy Yard, near Manila, on 23 February. There, Yorktown was assigned the task of keeping a seaborne lookout for gun-runners who were thought to be supplying guns & ammunition to the "Insurrectos," Filipinos who were fighting for independence. At one point, rumors flew concerning possible German gun-running activities; & Yorktown patrolled off the entrance to Subic Bay & from thence to Lingayen to keep a lookout for the "filibusters." She continued coastal patrol work over the next three years, cooperating with the Army, transporting & convoying troops & patrolling wide areas of often badly charted waters. Upon occasion, Yorktown served as "mother ship" to smaller gunboats, providing officers & men to man those patrol craft. Among the junior officers who served in Yorktown at this time were future Admirals (then ensigns) William Harrison Standley & Harry E. Yarnell, & the future naval historian & archivist, Dudley Wright Knox. During the Philippine-American War, Yorktown stood in to Baler Bay, on the west coast of Luzon, on 11 April 1899, on a mission to relieve a Spanish garrison that had been under siege by insurrectionists for nine months. Lt. James C. Gillmore & a party of sailors in the ship's whaleboat provided a decoy, ostensibly taking soundings of a nearby river. Meanwhile, Ensign Standley & an enlisted man landed further up the coast to reconnoiter. The next day, Gillmore and his boat crew drifted into a trap, running aground too far from the river's mouth & out of sight of Yorktown. Filipino guerillas, hidden in the jungle-covered banks, raked the boat with rifle fire. Two American sailors were killed; two were mortally wounded; & the remainder, including Gillmore, were slightly wounded. The survivors were taken prisoner until freed by Army troops. Ensign Standley completed his mission &, together with the enlisted signalman, made it back to the ship. In the spring of 1900, the situation in China worsened until it culminated in the Boxer Rebellion. Yorktown was withdrawn from her patrol duties in the northern Philippines to provide assistance to the operations off the coast of North China. She departed Manila on 3 April 1900, bound for China; &, after she reached the mainland, her landing force served ashore at Taku. In June of 1900, she assisted Oregon (Battleship No. 3) back off a reef near that Chinese port. The gunboat departed Shanghai on 10 September 1900 & reached Cavite on the 17th. In the Philippines, she resumed her cooperation with Army forces, still engaged in pacification operations, & continued these duties for the next two years. In between pacification missions, she performed survey work: at Guam in November 1901 & at Dumanquillas Bay, Philippines, in February 1903. Yorktown departed the Far East in early 1903 & returned to Mare Island on 3 June. Two weeks later, on the 17th, she was decommissioned. Recommissioned at Mare Island on 1 October 1906, Commander Richard T. Mulligan in command, Yorktown was fitted out there until 9 November. Underway on that day, she operated off the west coasts of Mexico, Honduras, & Nicaragua into the following summer. After repairs at San Francisco and Mare Island, Yorktown conducted target practice at Magdalena Bay, Mexico, & relieved Albany as station ship at Acapulco. She then cruised with the 2d Squadron of the Pacific Fleet to Magdalena Bay & San Francisco. Over the ensuing months, Yorktown continued her regular local operations; she took part in the reception for the U.S. Atlantic Fleet at San Francisco on 1 May, & participated in festivities for the Rose Festival at Portland, Oregon, on the 30th of that month. From June to September, Yorktown conducted seal patrols in Alaskan waters, out of Nome, Unalaska, & Sitka, & between 15 & 19 September, established a site for a wireless station at Valdez, Alaska. After that independent duty, Yorktown sailed south to rejoin the Pacific Fleet, conducting battle practices between 19 November & 1 December at Magdalena Bay. She later joined the armored cruisers West Virginia & Colorado & the tender Glacier at Acajutla, Salvador, before sailing for Corinto, Nicaragua, in March of 1909. After more target practices at Magdalena Bay, Yorktown was repaired at Mare Island in June & into July before shifting to Seattle, Wash., to participate in festivities for the Seattle Exposition. Later in July, the ship visited Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada. She subsequently cruised off the Pacific coast & participated in the Portola festival at San Francisco in October. From 13 December 1909 to 27 March 1910, Yorktown operated off Corinto, Nicaragua, with the Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron. She then pursued a schedule of exercises & maneuvers, operating between California & British Columbia through June & July. She returned to a posture of readiness off Corinto & San Juan del Sur between 13 August & 7 September. She then operated off Ecuadorian, Colombian, & Peruvian ports, with the US Consul General at Large embarked, between 19 September & 16 October before putting into Panama for coal & stores. She subsequently patrolled at Amapala, Honduras, & the familiar Corinto for most of November & December. She spent Christmas at Corinto before shifting to Amapala, en route to San Francisco and Mare Island. From March to July of 1911, Yorktown cruised off the west coasts of Mexico, Nicaragua, & Honduras. On 29 May, she rescued the survivors from the foundered steamer Taboga, of Panamanian registry. Another period of repairs & upkeep in the late summer of 1911 proceeded the ship's duties off the Pacific coasts of South & Central America. She returned to Mare Island in May of 1912, & was decommissioned there for alterations on 15 July. Recommissioned on 1 April 1913, Commander George B. Bradshaw in command, Yorktown operated out of San Diego on shakedown into mid-April. She was soon back at Corinto, however, remaining in Nicaragua until 5 June. After a brief period of operations off the coast, she returned to Corinto on 21 June & remained there for over a month before departing on 31 July to coal at Salina Cruz, Mexico. She moved to Mazatlan on 10 August & there picked up mail, delivering it to the port of Topolobampo, Mexico, on the 11th. Yorktown remained there until mid-September. For the remainder of 1913, Yorktown conducted local operations out of San Diego & San Francisco. In January 1914, though, the gunboat returned to Mexican waters & investigated local conditions at Ensenada between 3 & 6 January before moving, in subsequent months, to a succession of ports: Mazatlan, San Bias, Miramir, Topolobampo, & La Paz. Following an overhaul at Mare Island from 24 June to 2 September 1914, Yorktown served in Mexican waters again into June 1915. From that point until the entry of the US into World War I in April 1917, Yorktown continued her routine of patrols off Mexican, Nicaraguan, & Honduran ports with occasional repairs at Mare Island & maneuvers out of San Diego. After the US joined the Allied & Associated Powers, Yorktown operated off the coast of Mexico until August of 1917, when she paused briefly at San Diego. She then cruised off the west coasts of Central & South America into 1918. After a refit at Mare Island, Yorktown, sailed for the east coast on 28 April, 1918, transiting the Panama Canal en route, & arrived at New York on 20 August. The gunboat escorted a coastal convoy to Halifax, Nova Scotia, soon there after before returning to New York. She performed local coastwise escort duties through the end of World War I. After a period of upkeep at the New York Navy Yard in December, she departed the east coast on 2 January 1919 on her last voyage to California. Arriving at San Diego on 15 February 1919, Yorktown was placed out of commission at Mare Island on 12 June 1919. On 17 June 1920, she was assigned the hull number PG-1. The veteran steel-hulled gunboat was sold to the Union Hide Company, Oakland, California, on 30 September 1921."
| After purchasing, pay instantly with your credit card through PayPal! |
 |
    
|
;)
